Toulmin Method

Many people tend to think of arguments as antagonist debates between opponents. In truth, argument takes many different forms. An academic journal article offers an argument in objective and skeptical terms, and sustains it with ample evidence and explanation. Newspaper and magazine articles can make arguments in similar ways, but usually in more plan language for a general readership. Even films make arguments through subtle use of narrative, storytelling techniques, and visual cues.

An argument doesn’t consist of a single sentence or “mic drop” moment. Rather, an effective argument take take several minutes or several pages to convey.

Not every argument has equal value. Some make reasonable claims and offer evidence, but many don’t. You should exercise some skepticism toward anyone who offers opinions without reasoning or support. Unfortunately, we encounter problematic arguments everywhere–work, home, bars, and mainstream news. Often, the term “rhetoric” is used by politicians and pundits to criticize others for using what amounts to “bull shit.” In fact, the opposite is true. Rhetoric provides useful strategies like the Toulmin Method for analyzing and evaluating arguments.

The Toulmin Method provides a helpful way to analyze arguments by breaking them down into smaller parts:

• Claim – The primary assertion in an argument. Think of it as the thesis statement, the skeleton that holds the argument together. You’ll find it near the beginning of an argument, and a rhetor will return to it throughout.

• Qualifier – Limitations on the claim. Most facts, observations, or recommendations don’t apply universally. Important exceptions always exist. Qualifiers explain the specific circumstances of a claim and explain cases when it’s not true or relevant.

• Reasons – Explanations for why the rhetor is making the argument itself, and why the claims matter for their audience. Here, the rhetor describes their intentions and what they want their audience to do after considering the argument.

• Evidence – Facts and examples that support the claim. These might include statistics, case studies, historical cases, interview data, and other kinds of information that show the claim’s truthfulness.

• Warrants – Any implied or unspoken assumptions within the argument. They often link the claim and evidence together. Sometimes, they hide in plain sight.

• Rebuttal – Anticipations of counter arguments. Effective arguments always make room for doubt and skepticism. They address it head on, make concessions, and offer any response they would make to opponents or critics. It’s best to phrase rebuttals in a respectful but assertive tone.

An argument can consist of several claims, each of which possess their own sets of qualifiers, reasons, warrants, evidence, and rebuttals. You can use this method to evaluate the strength of the arguments you encounter in your daily life, job, and coursework. Think about all the times you might agree with someone at first, but then find weaknesses in their evidence or warrants that prompt you to reconsider your own views. That’s exactly why the Toulmin Method is useful.